Sources of the problem

Although the phenomenon is global, 42% of substandard or falsified medicines are circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, 21% in America and 21% in Europe.
Several factors are responsible for the spread of substandard or falsified medicines, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

The inadequacy of healthcare systems, difficulties in accessing healthcare services and quality medicines, and poverty have facilitated the emergence of this informal market. There is little enforcement of this very lucrative market which attracts many criminal organisations.

Furthermore, porous borders, corruption, an inadequate legal framework and criminal punishment, and no cooperation policy between states are also to blame.